MCQ 131
What is the primary method by which the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?
A) Filtration
B) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C) Erythropoietin secretion
D) Excretion of potassium
Answer: B) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Explanation: The kidneys regulate blood pressure primarily through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which affects blood volume and vascular resistance.
MCQ 132
What is a common complication of diabetes that affects the kidneys?
A) Diabetic neuropathy
B) Diabetic nephropathy
C) Diabetic retinopathy
D) All of the above
Answer: B) Diabetic nephropathy
Explanation: Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes, characterized by kidney damage and impaired function.
MCQ 133
Which of the following is an indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
B) Creatinine
C) Electrolytes
D) Urine specific gravity
Answer: B) Creatinine
Explanation: Serum creatinine levels are commonly used to estimate GFR, helping assess kidney function.
MCQ 134
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?
A) Glomerulonephritis
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Hypertension
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B) Diabetes mellitus
Explanation: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, often leading to diabetic nephropathy.
MCQ 135
Which electrolyte is typically monitored in patients with renal failure?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: All listed electrolytes are important to monitor in renal failure, as kidney function affects their levels in the blood.
MCQ 136
What role do the kidneys play in regulating calcium levels?
A) Excrete excess calcium
B) Reabsorb calcium
C) Activate vitamin D
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The kidneys help regulate calcium levels by excreting excess calcium, reabsorbing calcium from the filtrate, and activating vitamin D for calcium absorption.
MCQ 137
Which of the following can be a symptom of kidney stones?
A) Flank pain
B) Nausea
C) Hematuria
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Kidney stones can cause flank pain, nausea, and hematuria (blood in urine) as they pass through the urinary tract.
MCQ 138
What is the main purpose of the renal tubule’s brush border?
A) Filtration
B) Increase surface area for reabsorption
C) Secretion of waste
D) Production of urine
Answer: B) Increase surface area for reabsorption
Explanation: The brush border increases the surface area of the renal tubules, enhancing their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate.
MCQ 139
Which test is often used to evaluate kidney stones?
A) CT scan
B) MRI
C) Ultrasound
D) Both A and C
Answer: D) Both A and C
Explanation: A CT scan and ultrasound are both commonly used imaging techniques to evaluate kidney stones.
MCQ 140
What does the term “hematuria” mean?
A) Presence of protein in urine
B) Presence of blood in urine
C) Increased urine output
D) Decreased urine output
Answer: B) Presence of blood in urine
Explanation: Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, which can indicate various underlying conditions.
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