MCQ 101
Which type of kidney stone is often associated with urinary tract infections?
A) Calcium oxalate
B) Struvite
C) Uric acid
D) Cystine
Answer: B) Struvite
Explanation: Struvite stones can form in response to urinary tract infections, particularly those caused by bacteria that produce urease.
MCQ 102
What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
A) Concentration of urine
B) Reabsorption of water and solutes
C) Secretion of waste products
D) Filtration of blood
Answer: B) Reabsorption of water and solutes
Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing a significant amount of water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes from the filtrate.
MCQ 103
Which type of epithelial cells form the lining of the collecting duct?
A) Simple squamous
B) Cuboidal
C) Columnar
D) Transitional
Answer: B) Cuboidal
Explanation: The collecting duct is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells, which are specialized for reabsorption and secretion.
MCQ 104
What condition is characterized by an excessive loss of protein in the urine?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute kidney injury
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Chronic kidney disease
Answer: A) Nephrotic syndrome
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by significant proteinuria, leading to low protein levels in the blood and edema.
MCQ 105
What is the function of erythropoietin?
A) Stimulates red blood cell production
B) Regulates blood pressure
C) Increases sodium reabsorption
D) Promotes urine concentration
Answer: A) Stimulates red blood cell production
Explanation: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.
MCQ 106
Which of the following is a sign of renal failure?
A) Increased urine output
B) Decreased urine output
C) Normal blood pressure
D) Clear urine
Answer: B) Decreased urine output
Explanation: Decreased urine output is often a sign of renal failure, indicating impaired kidney function.
MCQ 107
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for salt reabsorption?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct
Answer: B) Loop of Henle
Explanation: The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, contributing to the concentration of urine.
MCQ 108
What happens when blood pressure drops significantly?
A) Increased GFR
B) Decreased renin release
C) Increased renin release
D) Increased urine output
Answer: C) Increased renin release
Explanation: A drop in blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to release renin, which helps increase blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
MCQ 109
What effect does a high-protein diet have on kidney function?
A) Decreases urine output
B) Increases urea production
C) Decreases GFR
D) Increases blood pressure
Answer: B) Increases urea production
Explanation: A high-protein diet increases the production of urea, a waste product of protein metabolism, which the kidneys must filter out.
MCQ 110
Which of the following conditions is characterized by renal artery stenosis?
A) Chronic kidney disease
B) Acute kidney injury
C) Hypertension
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Renal artery stenosis can lead to chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and hypertension due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
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